Abstract Periodontitis Stage III-IV, Grade C (PerioC) is a severe form of Periodontitis. The individual genetic background has been shown to be an important etiopathogenic factor for the development of this disease in young, systemically healthy, and non-smokers patients. Recently, after exome sequencing of families with a history of the disease, PerioC was associated with three single nucleotide variations (SNVs) – rs142548867 (EEFSEC), rs574301770 (ZNF136), and rs72821893 (KRT25) – which were classified as deleterious or possibly harmful by prediction algorithms. Objective Seeking to validate these findings in a cohort evaluation, this study aims to characterize the allele and genotypic frequency of the SNVs rs142548867, rs574301770, and rs72821893 in the Brazilian population with PerioC and who were periodontally healthy (PH). Methodology Thus, epithelial oral cells from 200 PerioC and 196 PH patients were harvested at three distinct centers at the Brazilian Southern region, their DNA were extracted, and the SNVs rs142548867, rs574301770, rs72821893 were genotyped using 5′-nuclease allelic discrimination assay. Differences in allele and genotype frequencies were analyzed using Fisher’s Exact Test. Only the SNV rs142548867 (C > T) was associated with PerioC. Results The CT genotype was detected more frequently in patients with PerioC when compared with PH subjects (6% and 0.5% respectively), being significantly associated with PerioC (odds ratio 11.76, p=0.02). Conclusion rs142548867 represents a potential risk for the occurrence of this disease in the Brazilian population.

Abstract The presence of a tooth-surface defect, such as a non-carious cervical lesion (NCCL), associated with sites of gingival recession (GR) defects creates a combined soft tissue/tooth defect (CD) that requires a different treatment plan. This study aimed to critically review the literature regarding the available treatment protocols for CDs and suggest a new decision-making process. NCCLs were classified as Class A-: the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) was visible and the root surface discrepancy was < 0.5 mm (no step); Class A+: CEJ was visible and the root surface discrepancy was > 0.5 mm (with a step); Class B-: unidentifiable CEJ without a step; Class B+: unidentifiable CEJ with a step. NCCLs affecting both root and crown surfaces (Class B) lead to CEJ destruction and consequently eliminate an important landmark used before and after root coverage procedures. The depth of the root surface discrepancy is vital owing to its possible impact on soft tissue adaptation after healing, which, in turn, may influence the treatment options, namely the use of graft and/or composites to compensate for the discrepancy. Clinically, a step with horizontal depth greater than 0.5 mm should be recognized as the minimum threshold value to define this condition. Extremely deep defects tend to assume a V-shaped topography. Therefore, extremely deep V-shaped defects were classified into subclasses A+V, a V-shaped defect, and B+V, a V-shaped defect with loss of CEJ, for management considerations. The treatment options, supported by the literature, and a decision-making process to deal with each condition are presented.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos clínicos e microbiológicos de terapia periodontal cirúrgica e não cirúrgica no tratamento da periodontite agressiva generalizada (PAgG). Dezesseis pacientes portadores de PAgG foram incluídos neste estudo clínico, prospectivo, randomizado, de boca dividida. Os quadrantes superiores de cada paciente foram alocados em dois grupos: um grupo de terapia não-cirúrgica (NST) e um grupo de terapia cirúrgica (ST). Os parâmetros clínicos avaliados foram: índice de placa (PI), sangramento à sondagem índice (BoP), profundidade de sondagem (PD), nível clínico de inserção (CAL) e posição da margem gengival (GMP). Também foram determinadas as concentrações de Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) e Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) no biofilme subgengival. Os parâmetros clínicos e microbiológicos foram avaliados no início, 3, 6 e 12 meses após o tratamento. A terapia cirúrgica foi capaz de promover maior redução de PD em comparação com NST em bolsas profundas aos 12 meses (p<0,05) e em dentes posteriores aos 6 meses (p<0,05). Além disso, houve maior recessão gengival nos dentes posteriores do grupo ST no 6° mês (p<0,05). Entretanto, ST não promoveu ganho adicionais de inserção (CAL) em nenhum período do avaliação. A avaliação microbiológica não mostrou diferença estatística nos níveis de Aa e Pg, para ambos os grupos, em todos os períodos de acompanhamento. O tratamento cirúrgico promoveu benefícios clínicos similares ao tratamento não cirúrgico em pacientes com PAgG. Além disso, ambas as terapias não conseguiram reduzir os níveis Aa e Pg após terapia.

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate clinical and microbiological effects of surgical and nonsurgical periodontal therapy in generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) treatment. Sixteen GAgP patients were included in this randomized split-mouth design clinical trial. Maxillary quadrants were allocated into two groups: Nonsurgical Therapy (NST) and Surgical Therapy (ST). The following clinical parameters were assessed: plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing index (BoP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and gingival margin position (GMP). Concentrations of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) in the subgingival biofilm were also determined. Clinical and microbiological parameters were assessed at baseline (n=16), 3 (n=15), 6 (n=15) and 12 months (n=8) after treatment. ST was able to promote higher PD reduction compared to NST in deep pockets at 12 months (p<0.05) and in posterior teeth at 6 months (p<0.05). In addition, higher gingival recession was observed in posterior teeth of the ST group at the 6th month (p<0.05). However, ST failed to promoted additional CAL gain in any timepoint (p>0.05). Moreover, microbiological evaluation showed no statistical difference in levels of Aa and Pg for both groups at all follow-up periods. Surgical therapy promoted similar clinical benefits to GAgP therapy. Moreover, both therapies failed to reduce Aa and Pg levels at different follow-up times.

Abstract Cementum is the mineralized tissue covering the tooth root that functions in tooth attachment and post-eruptive adjustment of tooth position. It has been reported to be highly similar to bone in several respects but remains poorly understood in terms of development and regeneration. Here, we investigate whether cementocytes, the residing cells in cellular cementum, have the potential to be protagonist in cementum homeostasis, responding to endocrine signals and directing local cementum metabolism. Cells from healthy erupted human teeth were isolated using sequential collagenase/EDTA digestions, and maintained in standard cell culture conditions. A cementocyte-like cell line was cloned (HCY-23, for human cementocyte clone 23), which presented a cementocyte compatible gene expression signature, including the expression of dentin matrix protein 1 ( DMP1 ), sclerostin ( SOST ), and E11/gp38/podoplanin ( E11 ). In contrast, these cells did not express the odontoblast/dentin marker dentin sialoprotein ( DSPP ). HCY-23 cells produced mineral-like nodules in vitro under differentiation conditions, and were highly responsive to inorganic phosphate (Pi). Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that cementocytes are phosphate-responsive cells, and have the potential do play a key role in periodontal homeostasis and regeneration.

Abstract Periodontitis develops as a result of a continuous interaction between host cells and subgingival pathogenic bacteria. The periodontium has a limited capacity for regeneration, probably due to changes in periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) phenotype. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of lipopolysaccharides from Porphyromonas gingivalis (PgLPS) on mesenchymal phenotype and osteoblast/cementoblast (O/C) potential of PDLSCs. PDLSCs were assessed for Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression by immunostaining technique. After, cells were exposed to PgLPS, and the following assays were carried out: (i) cell metabolic activity using MTS; (ii) gene expression for IL-1β, TNF-α and OCT-4 by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR); (iii) flow cytometry for STRO-1 and CD105, and (iv) osteogenic differentiation. PDLSCs were positive for TLR2. PgLPS promoted cell proliferation, produced IL-1β and TNF-α, and did not affect the expression of stem cell markers, STRO-1, CD105 and OCT-4. Under osteogenic condition, PDLSCs exposed to PgLPS showed a similar potential to differentiate toward osteoblast/cementoblast phenotype compared to control group as revealed by mineralized matrix deposition and levels of transcripts for RUNX2, ALP and OCN. These results provide evidence that PgLPS induces pro-inflammatory cytokines, but does not change the mesenchymal phenotype and osteoblast/cementoblast differentiation potential of PDLSCs.

Periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cells (PDLMSCs) are an important alternative source of adult stem cells and may be applied for periodontal tissue regeneration, neuroregenerative medicine, and heart valve tissue engineering. However, little is known about the impact of bacterial toxins on the biological properties of PDLSMSCs, including self-renewal, differentiation, and synthesis of extracellular matrix.Objective: This study investigated whether proliferation, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and osteogenic differentiation of CD105-enriched PDL progenitor cell populations (PDL-CD105+ cells) would be affected by exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide fromEscherichia coli(EcLPS).Material and Methods : Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression was assessed in PDL-CD105+ cells by the immunostaining technique and confirmed using Western blotting assay. Afterwards, these cells were exposed to EcLPS, and the following assays were carried out: (i) cell viability using MTS; (ii) expression of the interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) genes; (iii) osteoblast differentiation assessed by mineralization in vitro, and by mRNA levels of run-related transcription factor-2 (RUNX2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OCN) determined by quantitative PCR.Results : PDL-CD105+ cells were identified as positive for TLR4. EcLPS did not affect cell viability, but induced a significant increase of transcripts for IL-6 and IL-8. Under osteogenic condition, PDL-CD105+ cells exposed to EcLPS presented an increase of mineralized matrix deposition and higher RUNX2 and ALP mRNA levels when compared to the control group.Conclusions : These results provide evidence that CD105-enriched PDL progenitor cells are able to adapt to continuous Escherichia coli endotoxin challenge, leading to an upregulation of osteogenic activities.

AIM: To investigate the indication of systemic antimicrobial agents used by dental professionals for treatment of patients affected by periodontal diseases. METHODS: Interviews by a questionnaire were held with 225 professionals of different dental specialties and who performed periodontal treatment. RESULTS: Among interviewees, 94% indicated systemic antibiotics as a form of periodontal disease treatment. Their main indication was for periodontal abscesses (80%) followed by aggressive periodontitis (62%) and necrotizing diseases (45%). The most frequently used antibiotics were amoxicillin (81%) and metronidazole (57%). The medications were indicated in association with mechanical therapy by 67% of the professionals. As regards the occasion of indication, 60% indicated systemic antibiotic therapy before and after mechanical periodontal scaling and root planing. Seventy-eight percent of the professionals indicated antibiotics associated with periodontal surgery for access to scaling, and 76% indicated it before and after the surgical procedure. Among the interviewees, 99% took into account systemic involvement for drug administration. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that a considerable portion of professionals indicate systemic antibiotic-therapy in an incoherent manner and in situations in which there is no indication for antibiotic use, or with ineffective protocols.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of detection of Mogibacterium timidum in subgingival samples of subjects with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) and uncontrolled diabetic and non-diabetic subjects with generalized chronic periodontitis (GChP). 48 patients with GAgP, 50 non-diabetic and 39 uncontrolled (glycated hemoglobin >7%) type 2 diabetic subjects with GChP were enrolled in this study. Subgingival biofilm were collected from deep pockets (probing depth > 7 mm). After DNA extraction, M. timidum was detected by Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction and chi-square test was used to data analysis (p>0.05). There were no differences in the frequency of detection of M. timidum between subjects with GAgP (35%) and non-diabetic subjects with GChP (40%) (p>0.05). The frequency of detection of M. timidum was significantly higher in deep pockets of diabetic subjects with GChP (56%) when compared to GAgP (p<0.05), but similar to non-diabetic subjects with GChP (p>0.05). The frequency of detection of M. timidum was higher in subjects GChP presenting uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus, when compared to GAgP subjects.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência da inalação da fumaça de cigarros (IFC) sobre os períodos iniciais de reparo ósseo alveolar. Quarenta ratos Wistar foram aleatoriamente divididos em teste: animais expostos à IFC, que se iniciou 3 dias antes das extrações mantendo-se até o sacrifício (n=20)e controle (animais que não foram expostos à IFC; n=20). Os animais tiveram seus segundos molares inferiores extraídos bilateralmente (n=5/grupo/período) e foram sacrificados nos dias 3, 7, 10 e 14 dias após a cirurgia. Imagens digitalizadas foram analisadas de acordo com os seguintes parâmetros histométricos: tecido osteóide (OT), área remanescente (RA), tecido mineralizado (MT) e tecido não mineralizado (NMT) em cada alvéolo. Análise intergrupo mostrou que não houve diferença estatisticamente significante aos 3 dias (p>0,05) para todos os parâmetros. Aos 7 dias, a IFC influenciou negativamente (p?0,05) o preenchimento ósseo mostrando diferença estatisticamente significante para os parâmetros tecido não mineralizado e defeito remanescente (MT: 36%, NMT: 53%, RA: 12%; and MT: 39%, NMT: 29%, RA: 32%, para controle e teste, respectivamente). No entanto, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p>0,05) aos 10 e 14 dias. Conclui-se que a IFC pode afetar o reparo ósseo alveolar inicial, o que pode ser crítico para a quantidade e qualidade da nova formação óssea em fumantes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate, histometrically, the bone healing of the molar extraction socket just after cigarette smoke inhalation (CSI). Forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to a test group (animals exposed to CSI, starting 3 days before teeth extraction and maintained until sacrifice; n=20) and a control group (animals never exposed to CSI; n=20). Second mandibular molars were bilaterally extracted and the animals (n=5/group/period) were sacrificed at 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after surgery. Digital images were analyzed according to the following histometric parameters: osteoid tissue (OT), remaining area (RA), mineralized tissue (MT) and non-mineralized tissue (NMT) in the molar socket. Intergroup analysis showed no significant differences at day 3 (p>0.05) for all parameters. On the 7th day, CSI affected negatively (p<0.05) bone formation with respect to NMT and RA (MT: 36%, NMT: 53%, RA: 12%; and MT: 39%, NMT: 29%, RA: 32%, for the control and test groups, respectively). In contrast, no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) were found at days 10 and 14. It may be concluded that CSI may affect socket healing from the early events involved in the healing process, which may be critical for the amount and quality of new-bone formation in smokers.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a utilização pré-emptiva de medicamento inibidor da COX-2 (cicloxigenase-2) com uma droga antinflamatória esteroidal amplamente utilizada, para o controle da dor e edema após cirurgia periodontal para aumento de coroa. Trinta pacientes que necessitavam de cirurgia periodontal foram aleatoriamente designados a receber uma das seguintes medicações: inibidor seletivo da COX-2 ou a droga antinflamatória esteroidal, 60 min antes do procedimento cirúrgico. Para avaliar a ansiedade do paciente, a escala de ansiedade ao tratamento dental de Corah foi aplicada antes da cirurgia. Com a utilização de escala analógica visual a extensão de dor/desconforto durante o período trans-cirúrgico e imediatamente após a cirurgia foi mensurada. Adicionalmente, a intensidade de dor/desconforto e edema foram avaliados no periodo pós-operatório tardio 4, 8, 12 e 24 h após o procedimento cirúrgico. Com relação à ansiedade, não foi observada diferença estatística entre os grupos (p>0,05). Com relação à extensão de dor/desconforto durante os períodos trans-cirúrgico e pós operatório imediato e tardio, os dados não demonstraram diferenças entre o grupo que recebeu o inibidor seletivo da COX-2 e o aintinflamatório esteroidal (p>0,05). A avaliação do edema, intragrupo, não revelou diferença estatística durante as primeiras 24 h em nenhum dos grupos estudados (p>0,05). Em conclusão, ambas as drogas antiinflamatórias utilizadas apresentaram um potencial similar no controle da dor e edema após cirurgia periodontal.

The aim of the present study was to compare the pre-emptive use of a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with a well established steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for pain and edema relief following periodontal surgery for crown lengthening. Thirty patients requiring periodontal surgery were randomly assigned to receive one of the following medications: selective COX-2 inhibitor or steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, 60 min before the surgical procedure. To examine patient anxiety, a Corah's dental anxiety scale was applied before surgery. Using a visual analog scale, the extent of pain/discomfort during the trans-operative period and immediately after the surgery was measured. Additionally, intensity of pain/discomfort and edema were examined 4, 8, 12 and 24 h postoperatively. With regard to anxiety, no statistical differences between the groups were observed (p>0.05). With respect to the extent of pain/discomfort during the trans-operative, immediate and late postoperative period, data demonstrated no significant differences (p>0.05) between the COX-2 inhibitor and steroidal groups. With regard to edema, intragroup analysis did not reveal any statistically significant difference (p>0.05) during the 24 h following surgery in either group. In conclusion, both anti-inflammatory drugs presented a similar potential for pain and edema relief following periodontal surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of topically applied povidone-iodine (PVP-I) used as an adjunct to non-surgical treatment of interproximal class II furcation involvements. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-two patients presenting at least one interproximal class II furcation involvement that bled on probing with probing pocket depth (PPD) >5 mm were recruited. Patients were randomly chosen to receive either subgingival instrumentation with an ultrasonic device using PVP-I (10%) as the cooling liquid (test group) or identical treatment using distilled water as the cooling liquid (control group). The following clinical outcomes were evaluated: visible plaque index, bleeding on probing (BOP), position of the gingival margin, relative attachment level (RAL), PPD and relative horizontal attachment level (RHAL). BAPNA (N-benzoyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide) testing was used to analyze trypsin-like activity in dental biofilm. All parameters were evaluated at baseline and 1, 3 and 6 months after non-surgical subgingival instrumentation. RESULTS: Six months after treatment, both groups had similar means of PPD reduction, RAL and RHAL gain (p>0.05). These variables were, respectively, 2.20±1.10 mm, 1.27±1.02 mm and 1.33±0.85 mm in the control group and 2.67±1.21 mm, 1.50±1.09 mm and 1.56±0.93 mm in the test group. No difference was observed between groups at none of the posttreatment periods, regarding the number of sites showing clinical attachment gain >2 mm. However, at 6 months posttreatment, the test group presented fewer sites with PPD >5 mm than the control group. Also at 6 months the test group had lower BAPNA values than control group. CONCLUSION: The use of PVP-I as an adjunct in the non-surgical treatment of interproximal class II furcation involvements provided limited additional clinical benefits.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os resultados clínicos e centrados no paciente após abordagem cirúrgica minimamente invasiva (CMI) associada à aplicação das proteínas derivadas da matriz do esmalte (PDE) no tratamento de defeitos infra-ósseos. Doze pacientes apresentando um sítio com profundidade de sondagem >5 mm e sangramento à sondagem , associado à evidência radiográfica de defeito infra-ósseo, foram tratados com CMI e aplicação das PDE. Os parâmetros clínicos foram avaliados imediatamente antes do procedimento e após 3 e 6 meses. A percepção de dor e desconforto do paciente durante o período trans-cirúrgico e ao longo da primeira semana de pós-operatório, bem como a satisfação estética 6 meses após o tratamento, foram avaliadas por meio de questionários. Os resultados mostraram que o uso da CMI associada à aplicação de PDE promoveu melhoras estatisticamente significantes nos parâmetros clínicos, mínima dor e desconforto e máxima satisfação estética aos pacientes. Dentro dos limites do estudo, foi demonstrado que a associação de CMI e PDE, no tratamento de defeitos infra-ósseos, é capaz de promover satisfatórios resultados clínicos e centrados no paciente.

This case series evaluated the clinical performance and patient-centered outcomes after a minimally invasive surgical technique (MIST) associated with enamel matrix protein derivative (EMD), for the treatment of intra-bony defects. Twelve patients presenting teeth with probing depth >5 mm and bleeding on probing associated with radiographic evidence of intra-bony defect were treated by MIST associated with EMD. Clinical parameters were measured at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Patient perception during the intraoperative period and during the first postoperative week was evaluated. The use of MIST with EDM promoted significant improvements in clinical parameters, minimal pain/discomfort and maximum esthetics satisfaction. Within of limits of the present study, it could be shown that MIST combined with EMD for the treatment of intra-bony defects promotes satisfactory clinical and patient-centered outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the crown shape on the outcomes of root coverage procedures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty patients with Miller class I gingival recessions in maxillary canines or premolars were selected. The recession areas were treated using the subepithelial connective tissue grafting. The following clinical parameters were analyzed: crown length (CL) and width (CW), recession height and width, probing depth, clinical attachment level, width and thickness of the keratinized tissue and percentage of root coverage achieved. These measurements were recorded at baseline and 6 months after the surgical procedure. The CW/CL ratio was calculated for each tooth and the median obtained (0.83). Patients were then ranked into two groups, according to the shape of the tooth with gingival recession: Group A - square crown shape (CW/CL values above 0.83) and Group B - long and narrow crown shape (CW/CL values below 0.83). RESULTS: No statistically significant differences (p>0.05) were found between groups in any of the clinical parameters at baseline. After 6 months, both groups presented improved clinical outcomes for all parameters analyzed compared to baseline (p>0.05). The mean percentages and standard deviations of root coverage achieved in Group A and Group B was 91.37 (16.75) and 85.49 (23.55), respectively (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Crown shape did not influence the root coverage obtained with the subepithelial connective tissue graft technique.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o defeito na superfície radicular produzido por curetas manuais e instrumento ultra-sônico em diferentes potências. Quarenta superfícies radiculares foram divididas de acordo com o tratamento em 4 grupos: a) Curetas Gracey; b) Instrumento ultra-sônico a 10%; c) Instrumento ultra-sônico a 50%; d) Instrumento ultra-sônico a 100%. Cada amostra recebeu 15 movimentos de raspagem e foram divididas ao meio para avaliar: (1) a profundidade do defeito produzido pela instrumentação e (2) a área de contato do instrumento com a superfície. Todas as superfícies foram então avaliadas com o uso de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o teste Tukey/ANOVA. Os resultados (média ± DP) encontrados para a área de contato foram significantemente maiores para a instrumentação manual (2092,9 ± 482,0) que para os instrumentos ultra-sônicos, independentemente da potência utilizada (606,8 ± 283,0; 858,6 ± 422,5; 1212,0 ± 366,7, respectivamente). Os valores para a profundidade do defeito demonstraram numericamente, mas não estatisticamente, diferenças entre a instrumentação manual (66,1 ± 34,0) e ultra-sônica em 10%, 50% ou 100% de potência (52,4 ± 22,1; 72,0 ± 29,9; 77,7 ± 37,7, respectivamente). Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que a instrumentação ultra-sônica produziu defeitos com profundidade similar aos produzidos pela instrumentação manual, com um menor contato do instrumento, independente da potência utilizada.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the root surface defect produced by hand curettes and ultrasonic tips with different power settings. Forty root surfaces were divided into 4 groups according the treatment: Gracey curettes, ultrasonic scaler at 10% power, ultrasonic scaler at 50% power and ultrasonic scaler at 100% power. Each specimen was instrumented with 15 strokes and the and divided in the middle to evaluate: (1) the defect depth produced by the instrumentation and (2) contact area of the instrument tips, which was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. ANOVA and Tukey's test were used for statistical analysis (a=0.05). The results (mean ± SD) of the contact area showed significantly greater defects (p<0.05) for the hand instrumented groups (2092.9 ± 482) compared to the ultrasonic groups (606.8 ± 283.0; 858.6 ± 422.5; 1212.0 ± 366.7, respectively), independently of the power setting. The values for the defect depth on root surface showed no statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between hand instrumentation (66.1 ± 34.0) and ultrasonic scaling at 10%, 50% or 100% power settings (52.4 ± 22.1; 72.0 ± 29.9; 77.7 ± 37.7, respectively). The findings of this study demonstrate that ultrasonic instrumentation produced a similar defect depth to that of hand instrumentation, with a smaller tip contact area, independently of the power setting used for scaling.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a rugosidade radicular obtida após instrumentação por aparelho sônico com pontas diamantadas, curetas e ultrassom. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Quarenta superfícies radiculares, devidamente polidas e incluídas em resina acrílica, foram dividas em 4 grupos de tratamento: grupo controle (sem instrumentação) e instrumentação com cureta Gracey 5/6, ultrassom ou aparelho sônico com ponta diamantada. Em cada amostra foram realizados 15 movimentos de raspagem. Antes e após esta instrumentação foi utilizado um rugosímetro para a medição da rugosidade radicular. Além disso, a topografia da superfície radicular foi avaliada após o tratamento com microscopia eletrônica de varredura. RESULTADOS: Diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p<0.05) foram observadas ao se comparar o grupo controle (0.48±0.07mm) aos grupos tratados (cureta - 1.246±0.279mm, ultrassom - 1.468±0.177mm e aparelho sônico com ponta diamantada - 1.576±0.20mm). As maiores rugosidades foram produzidas pela ponta sônica diamantada e ponta universal de ultrassom (p>0.05). CONCLUSÃO: A instrumentação sônica com pontas diamantadas promove uma rugosidade radicular equivalente à instrumentação com ultrassom, sendo essa rugosidade superior àquela apresentada pela instrumentação manual.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the root surface roughness after instrumentation with hand curette and diamond-coated sonic and universal ultrasonic tips. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty root surfaces of human teeth were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: control group (without instrumentation), curette instrumentation, ultrasonic instrumentation with universal tip and sonic instrumentation with diamond-coated tip. Each sample was instrumented with fifteen strokes. Before and after instrumentation, surface roughness was measured. In addition, the root surface topography was examined after treatment under the scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: Significant statistical differences (p <0.05) were observed when comparing the control group (0.48±0.07mm) to the treated groups (hand - 1.246±0.279mm, ultrasonic - 1.468±0.177mm and sonic instrumentation - 1.576±0.20mm). The highest roughness was produced by diamond-coated sonic tip and by ultrasonic universal tip (p >0.05). CONCLUSION: The diamond-coated tip with sonic scaler instrumentation and ultrasonic instrumentation produce similar root surface roughness, higher than curette instrumentation.